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NE X.2 1172b9-25 Eudoxus’s defense of pleasure as the highest good
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In this passage Aristotle reports Eudoxus's defense of pleasure as the highest good. According to Aristotle, Eudoxus provided three arguments: 1) The highest good is the thing that is chosen by all animals, and pleasure is the thing that is chosen by all animals. Therefore, pleasure the the highest good. 2) The contrary argument: Pleasure is contrary to pain, and pain is to be avoided. But pleasure is the thing that is most choiceworthy, and what is most choiceworthy is the highest good. 3) The addition of pleasure makes other goods more choiceworthy. The argument 3) might not be very supportive for the view that pleasure is the highest good.
Εὔδοξος μὲν οὖν τὴν ἡδονὴν τἀγαθὸν ᾤετ᾽ εἶναι διὰ τὸ πάνθ᾽ὁρᾶν ἐφιέμενα αὐτῆς, καὶ ἔλλογα καὶ ἄλογα, ἐν πᾶσι δ᾽ εἶναι τὸ αἱρετὸν τὸ ἐπιεικές, καὶ τὸ μάλιστα κράτιστον·
<1> τὸ δὴ πάντ᾽ ἐπὶ ταὐτὸ φέρεσθαι μηνύειν ὡς πᾶσι τοῦτο ἄριστον ὄν (ἕκαστον γὰρ τὸ αὑτῷ ἀγαθὸν εὑρίσκειν, ὥσπερ καὶ τροφήν), τὸ δὲ πᾶσιν ἀγαθόν, καὶ οὗ πάντ᾽ ἐφίεται, τἀγαθὸν εἶναι. ἐπιστεύοντο δ᾽οἱ λόγοι διὰ τὴν τοῦ ἤθους ἀρετὴν μᾶλλον ἢ δι᾽ αὑτούς· διαφερόντως γὰρ ἐδόκει σώφρων εἶναι· οὐ δὴ ὡς φίλος τῆς ἡδονῆς ἐδόκει τᾶυτα λέγειν, ἀλλ᾽οὕτως ἔχειν κατ᾽ ἀλήθειαν.
<2> οὐχ ἧττον δ᾽ ᾤετ᾽ εἶναι φανερὸν ἐκ τοῦ ἐναντίου· τὴν γὰρ λύπην καθ᾽αὑτὸ πᾶσι φευκτὸν εἶναι, ὁμοίως δὴ τοὐναντίον αἱρετόν· μάλιστα δ᾽εἶναι αἱρετὸν ὅ μὴ δι᾽ἕτερον μηδ᾽ ἑτέρου χάριν αἱρούμεθα· τοιοῦτο δ᾽ ὁμολογουμένως εἶναι τὴν ἡδονήν· οὐδένα γὰρ ἐπερωτᾶν τίνος ἕνεκα ἥδεται, ὡς καθ᾽ αὑτὴν οὖσαν αἱρετὴν τὴν ἡδονήν.
<3> προστιθεμένην τε ὁτῳοῦν τῶν ἀγαθῶν αἱρετώτερον ποιεῖν, οἷον τῷ δικαιοπραγεῖν καὶ σωφρονεῖν, αὔξεσθαι δὲ τὸ ἀγαθὸν αὑτῷ.
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