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In my opinion as one who embraces both Yeshua as Messiah as well as the Torah of Moshe as a practical guidebook for everyday living, I believe historically, the book of Galatians has misled Christian commentators due largely to the technical discussions of biblical topics ranging from circumcision, to the Torah, to freedom in Christ. Rav Sha'ul (a.k.a. Paul or Saul) uses quite a number of technical phrases and words in this letter and these terms, when removed from their original 1st century ...
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01a. B'rit Milah (Part A) PDF 1. B’rit Milah The Torah says in Genesis chapter 12, verses 1-3, Now ADONAI said to Avram, “Get yourself out of your country, away from your kinsmen and away from your father’s house, and go to the land that I will show you. I will make of you a great nation, I will bless you, and I will make your name great; and you a…
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01b. B'rit Milah (Part B) PDF To neglect circumcision (b’rit milah) is to neglect the chosen sign of the covenant, and consequently, it is rejection of the covenant itself. Avraham did not hesitate to circumcise both himself as well as the males of his household. Looking forward at its effect in the biblical narratives, we learn that it was to beco…
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02a. Ouch Factor: “Why the Male Reproductive Organ?” PDF 2. Ouch Factor: “Why the Male Reproductive Organ?” Covenants usually involved at least two parties. Likewise, there was usually a sign of the covenant being established. This sign, according to ancient Middle Eastern writings, was usually something that either party could carry on their perso…
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02b. Decrypting Paul: Proselyte Conversion: “Works of Law” (Part One: Understanding the Background) PDF 3. Proselyte Conversion: “Works of Law” - Part One (Understanding the Background) Today (as well as 2000 years ago), Christianity has developed an unnecessary amount of paranoia surrounding circumcision. In some ways I cannot blame them for takin…
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03-04. Proselyte Conversion; Covenantal Nomism PDF 4. Covenantal Nomism What Nanos and other recent scholars (E.P. Sanders, James D. G. Dunn, N. T. Wright, et al) are describing, as pertaining to Paul’s 1st century Judaism and how it reportedly defined itself, has been carefully labeled as Covenantal Nomism.[1] Indeed, a “new perspective on Paul” (…
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05-06-07. Works of Law (Part Two); Lesson from Acts 10; Under the Law PDF 5. “Works of Law” - Part Two At this turn, I want to use, most extensively, some material from a Messianic Jewish commentary on the book of Galatians, written by David Stern, translator of the Complete Jewish Bible. I will launch from his comments—at times within his comments…
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09a. Excursus: Additional “Tough Phrasing” (covers 1:6, 7, 13) PDF 9. Excursus: Additional "Tough Phrasing" *This extended excursus focuses primarily on the verses from Galatians that have traditionally divided the Messianic Movement from Historic Christianity or have proved to be difficult interpreting in historical context. It does not examine ev…
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09b. Excursus: Additional “Tough Phrasing” (covers 2:3, 14) PDF Chapter Two 2:3 - Yet not even Titus, who was with me, was compelled to be circumcised, even though he was a Greek. Comments: The key to understanding this verse is the “force” of the Greek word translated as “compelled.” (Pun intended) Greek “compel” (anagkadzo, to necessitate, compel…
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09c. Excursus: Additional “Tough Phrasing” (covers 2:15, 16) PDF 2:15, 16 - "We who are Jews by birth and not 'Gentile sinners' know that a man is not justified by observing the law, but by faith in Jesus Christ. So we, too, have put our faith in Christ Jesus that we may be justified by faith in Christ and not by observing the law, because by obser…
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9d. Excursus: Additional “Tough Phrasing” (covers 2:19, 21) PDF *The audio recording of this podcast represents the last class in a semester. The first half of the audio recorded a refresher discussion that is out of sequence with the larger teaching. 2:19 - For through the law I died to the law so that I might live for God. Comments: At first blus…
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09e. Excursus: Additional Tough Phrasing Review (Part A) PDF *In the live class, which roughly follows the written notes, this recording represented the return from a semester break in which I had to do a refresher teaching to get the class back up to speed. I began with the following notes (which are actually out of sequence with the larger teachi…
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09f. Excursus: Additional "Tough Phrasing" (covers 3:2, 3, 5) PDF Chapter Three 3:2, 3 - I would like to learn just one thing from you: Did you receive the Spirit by observing the law, or by believing what you heard? Are you so foolish? After beginning with the Spirit, are you now trying to attain your goal by human effort? Comments: No other chapt…
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09g. Excursus: Additional "Tough Phrasing" (covers 3:6) PDF 3:6 - Consider Abraham: "He believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness." Comments: Throughout his letters, the Apostle Paul (Sha'ul) seems to take great interest in Avraham, referring to him no less than 29 times![1] Ya’akov (James) also makes use of Father Avraham in chapte…
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09h. Excursus: Additional "Tough Phrasing" Review (Part B) PDF *The audio recording does not follow the written notes here. The live class was a Galatians related, teacher-assisted review exercise for the sake of the students. However, for the sake of the written notes, below follows the continuation of the larger commentary: In B'resheet 12:1 Mosh…
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09i. Excursus: Additional "Tough Phrasing" (covers 3:10, 11, 12) PDF 3:10 - All who rely on observing the law are under a curse, for it is written: "Cursed is everyone who does not continue to do everything written in the Book of the Law." Comments: This verse when misunderstood from its larger context will invariably lead the reader to the incorre…
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09j. Excursus: Additional "Tough Phrasing" (covers 3:13, 14, 17, 18) PDF 3:13, 14 - Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us, for it is written: “Cursed is everyone who is hung on a pole.” He redeemed us in order that the blessing given to Abraham might come to the Gentiles through Christ Jesus, so that by faith we mi…
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09k. Excursus: Additional "Tough Phrasing" (covers 3:19) PDF 3:19 - What, then, was the purpose of the law? It was added because of transgressions until the Seed to whom the promise referred had come. The law was put into effect through angels by a mediator. Comments: By this point in my commentary, it should not be difficult to comprehend the mass…
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10-11. Summary; Conclusions - Torah: Negative, Neutral, or Positive? PDF 10. Summary In my historical research into this book by Sha’ul (Apostle Paul), I have discovered that much of the social fabric of the 1st Century Judaisms that we read about suffered from a sickness I like to call Ethnocentric Jewish Exclusivism. I have written about this con…
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12. The Promise PDF 12. The Promise A “Christian” attempt at disproving the validity of the important covenantal sign of circumcision has caused much strife and division among the body of believing Jews and Gentiles. The matter is made clear when we understand that HaShem never meant for this sign to secure the promises for the believer! This was t…
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