Turning Tides: Piecing Together the Past: The Story of Borikén, 4000 B.C.E. - 1570 A.D.: Episode 1

Turning Tides

Turning Tides: Piecing Together the Past will discuss the history of Puerto Rico, its native peoples, and the colonization of the island. The first episode, The Story of Borikén, will cover the period from 4000 B.C.E. to 1570 A.D., in which the original indigenous peoples spread across the Caribbean before encountering European colonizers, and the Columbian exchange which followed the Spanish colonists' arrival.

If you'd like to donate or sponsor the podcast, our PayPal is @TurningTidesPodcast1. Thank you for your support!

Produced by Melissa Marie Brown and Joseph Pascone in affiliation with AntiKs Entertainment.

Researched and written by Joseph Pascone

Edited and revised by Melissa Marie Brown

Intro and Outro created by Melissa Marie Brown and Joseph Pascone using Motion Array

IG/YouTube/Facebook: @theturningtidespodcast

Twitter: @turningtidespod

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IG/YouTube/Facebook/Twitter/TikTok: @antiksent

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Episode 1 Sources:

1. The Taínos: Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus, by Irving Rouse

2. Taínos and Caribs: The Aboriginal Cultures of the Antilles, by Sebastián Robiou Lamarche, Translated by, Grace M. Robiou Ramírez de Arellano

3. Taíno Genealogy and Revitalization, by Richard Porrata, Ph.D.

4. Conquistador Voices: Volume 1: Christopher Columbus, Hernán Cortés: The Spanish Conquest of the Americas as Recounted Largely by the Participants, by Kevin H. Siepel

5. Puerto Rico: An Interpretive History from Pre-Columbian Times to 1900, by Olga Jiménez de Wagenheim

6. History of Puerto Rico: A Panorama of Its People, by Fernando Picó

7. Puerto Rico: A Political and Cultural History, by Arturo Morales Carrión

8. https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/spain-refuses-to-apologize-to-mexicos-indigenous-people-for-colonial-abuses/, March 26, 2019, by Steve Sweeney

9. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/31/european-colonization-of-americas-helped-cause-climate-change#:~:text=The%20UCL%20researchers%20found%20that,as%20warfare%20and%20societal%20collapse., January 31, 2019, by Oliver Milman

10. Wikipedia