Astrobiologist Maya D. Yanez: Could acetylene fermentation be an energy source for microbes on Titan?

Wunderdog

NASA JPL intern Maya D. Yanez has recently defended her Ph.D. on acetylenotrophy. This is the ability to extract energy from acetylene, and only a few species of bacteria (that we know of here on Earth) have it. They aren't very studied, and there's never been astrobiology studies specifically about this - so Maya's Ph.D. represents a whole new possibility for life to exist on other worlds.
Timestamps:
00:00 Introduction and the Potential for Life on Titan
02:06 Titan's Unique Environment and Habitability
05:37 Understanding Moles and Molecules on Titan
09:25 The Role of Water and Amino Acids on Titan
12:37 The Importance of Tungsten and Other Metals for Microbes on Titan
18:44 Impact Melt Ponds and Potential Habitability on Titan
29:18 The Dragonfly Mission and Selk Crater
32:09 Discovering New Microbes and Metabolisms
36:21 The Role of Acetylene in the Origins of Life
53:00 Formation of Planets from Gas and Dust Clouds
57:40 Formation of the Solar System and the Dichotomy of Gas Giants and Rocky Planets
01:05:27 Moons and the Potential for Life on Titan
01:19:45 Redefining Life to Include Different Forms
01:21:42 Proto-Life and Categorizing Life
01:23:27 The Enigma of Viruses
01:25:15 Evolution of Viruses and Bacteria
01:32:47 Acetylene-Eating Microbes and Life on Titan
01:43:09 Isotopic Fractionation and Tracing Life
01:46:16 Personal Journey and Pursuing a Scientific Career
01:51:54 Pursuing Higher Education and Cultural Identity Loss
01:54:09 The Impact of Mentors and Belief in Success
01:57:19 The First Astrobiology Application of Acetylenotrophs
02:01:12 The Future of Maya's Research and Publications
02:05:30 Exploring Monopoles and Other Physics Concepts
02:07:18 Life Inside Stars and Cosmic Bullet Holes
02:09:05 The Fascination of Science at Different Scales
02:13:13 Science Education and Lesson Plans for Elementary Students
02:18:23 Resources for Further Exploration
02:21:34 The Importance of Diversity and Inclusion in STEM
02:23:42 Challenges Faced by Early Career Scientists
02:29:14 Exploring the Potential for Life on Other Planets
02:42:41 Ethical Considerations in Space Exploration
AI summary:
Maya Yanez discusses the potential for microbial life on Saturn's moon Titan. While it is unlikely that Earth microbes could survive on Titan, there is a possibility that microbes have evolved or originated on Titan and are accustomed to its unique conditions. Titan's thick atmosphere, comprised of nitrogen and methane, protects the surface from radiation. The presence of hydrocarbons, such as acetylene, in Titan's atmosphere and on its surface is a key factor in its potential habitability. The subsurface ocean on Titan, which is 18 times the volume of Earth's oceans, is another exciting aspect that could support life. Maya discusses the energy choices of microbes and how they impact their metabolism. She explains how energy-yielding reactions have led to the discovery of new microbes and metabolisms on Earth. Maya also talks about the importance of anammox in the nitrogen cycle and the conditions necessary for life to exist on other planets. She discusses the formation of the solar system and the role of supernovae in the condensation of gas and dust to form planets. The conversation explores the formation of the solar system and the conditions necessary for life on other planets. It discusses the differences between gas giants and rocky planets, the process of fusion in stars, and the temperature variations in the sun. The possibility of landing on the sun and the Parker Solar Probe mission are also mentioned. The conversation then delves into the formation of moons and the potential for life on Titan, focusing on the presence of complex organic chemistry, protection from cosmic radiation, and the availability of minerals. The importance of phosphorus in life and the search for extraterrestrial life that is different from life on Earth are also discussed. The conversation in this part focuses on the definition of life and the potential for life on other planets. The concept of life with a Y is introduced, which encompasses all types of life on Earth and the potential for life as we don't know it. The discussion also touches on the origins of viruses and their relationship to bacteria. The energy storage molecule ATP is mentioned, and the density of energy it contains is explored. The conversation concludes with a personal story about Maya's educational journey and her passion for learning. Maya shares her journey of pursuing higher education and her experiences as a minority in the field of science. She discusses the challenges she faced, including cultural identity loss and self-doubt. Maya highlights the importance of having mentors who believe in you and the impact they can have on your success. She also talks about her research on acetylenotrophs and the potential for life on Titan. Maya concludes by sharing her passion for science education and her efforts to make science accessible to young students. In this final part of the conversation, Maya discusses her work at USC and her aspirations to work at JPL. She also talks about the budget cuts at NASA and the importance of diversity and inclusion in STEM. Maya shares how she has inspired her younger family members to pursue science and emphasizes the need for representation in the field. The conversation then delves into the potential for life on Mars, Venus, Europa, and Titan, and the ethical considerations of human exploration and colonization of other planets.
Keywords
Titan, microbes, potential habitability, hydrocarbons, subsurface ocean, microbes, energy choices, metabolism, energy-yielding reactions, new microbes, anamox, nitrogen cycle, life on other planets, solar system formation, supernovae, gas and dust condensation, solar system formation, gas giants, rocky planets, fusion, temperature of the sun, landing on the sun, Parker Solar Probe, formation of moons, life on Titan, complex organic chemistry, cosmic radiation, minerals, phosphorus, extraterrestrial life, definition of life, life with a Y, potential for life, viruses, bacteria, ATP, energy density, educational journey, higher education, minority representation, cultural identity, self-doubt, mentors, research, acetylenotrophs, life on Titan, science education, USC, JPL, budget cuts, diversity, inclusion, STEM, inspiration, life on Mars, life on Venus, life on Europa, life on Titan, human exploration, colonization, ethics
Takeaways
Microbes from Earth are unlikely to survive on Titan, but there is a possibility of microbes that have evolved or originated on Titan.
Titan's thick atmosphere, comprised of nitrogen and methane, protects the surface from radiation.
The presence of hydrocarbons, such as acetylene, in Titan's atmosphere and on its surface is a key factor in its potential habitability.
Titan's subsurface ocean, which is 18 times the volume of Earth's oceans, is another exciting aspect that could support life. Microbes make energy choices based on the type of diet and metabolism they perform.
Energy-yielding reactions have led to the discovery of new microbes and metabolisms on Earth.
Anamox is critical to the nitrogen cycle and was theorized based on its energy-yielding potential.
The formation of the solar system involved the condensation of gas and dust, triggered by a nearby supernova explosion. Gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn formed farther away from the sun and were able to capture hydrogen and helium gas, while rocky planets like Earth did not capture these gases and remained closer to the sun.
The temperature of the sun varies, with the surface being cooler than the corona, which can reach millions of degrees Kelvin.
The Parker Solar Probe mission flew close to the sun, but there is no solid surface to land on.
Moons can be formed through capture, formation in place, or other processes, and Jupiter's moons are believed to have formed in place.
Titan, one of Jupiter's moons, has conditions that could potentially support life, including complex organic chemistry, protection from cosmic radiation, and the availability of minerals.
Phosphorus is an essential element for life, as it is part of the DNA molecule.
The search for extraterrestrial life should consider the possibility of life forms that are different from those on Earth. Defining life in a way that is agnostic but encompasses all types of life on Earth is a challenge for astrobiologists.
The concept of life with a Y provides a framework for categorizing the results of potential life on other planets.
Viruses are not unanimously considered to be alive on Earth, but if found on another planet, they may be considered a form of life.
ATP is a molecule that carries energy and is essential for the functioning of cells.
Maya's educational journey highlights the importance of encouragement and support in pursuing a career in science. The importance of having mentors who believe in you and support your goals
The impact of cultural identity loss on minority students in higher education
The challenges and self-doubt experienced by students pursuing science
The potential for life on Titan and the research on acetylenotrophs
The importance of making science education accessible to young students Maya primarily conducted her work at USC, but she has also been involved with JPL and aspires to work there in the future.
NASA has faced budget cuts, which have affected JPL and led Maya to explore other career options in education and outreach.
Maya has inspired her younger family members to pursue science and encourages diversity and inclusion in STEM.
The potential for life on Mars, Venus, Europa, and Titan is discussed, with considerations of energy availability and ethical concerns.
Exploration of space should prioritize scientific discovery and understanding before considering tourism and colonization.
Titles
The Significance of Titan's Subsurface Ocean
The Unique Conditions and Habitability of Titan Microbes and Energy Choices
The Importance of Anamox in the Nitrogen Cycle The Possibility of Life on Titan
The Importance of Phosphorus in Life ATP: The Energy Currency of Cells
The Enigma of Viruses: Alive or Not? Exploring the Potential for Life on Titan
Navigating Higher Education as a Minority in Science Budget Cuts at NASA and Career Options
Inspiring the Next Generation of Scientists
Sound Bites
"Could I take some microbes from here on earth and dump them onto Titan's surface and would they survive? That answer is probably no."
"Titan is very unique when it comes to solar system bodies. I like to view it as the most Earth-like body in the solar system."
"Every hydrocarbon that we find on Titan's surface is likely sourced from methane at the beginning of the day."
"Microbes, the choice for them is really about energy."
"Energy-yielding reactions have led to the discovery of brand new microbes and brand new metabolisms here on Earth."
"Anamox is critical to how nitrogen is cycled around the world."
"That's why Uranus and Neptune are our ice giants, is that they were far enough away from the sun that they could coalesce rocks and metals and then get the hydrogen ices or hydrogen compounds and other ices forming."
"The rocky planets, those close to the sun, did not get massive enough to begin to capture hydrogen and helium gas. If we did, we would have been closer to gas giants."
"I could look into the sky and then I could see the sun turn on."
"How do we define life in a way that is agnostic but encompasses all types of life on Earth?"
"If we found viruses somewhere else, we would say that we found life, yet we don't consider them to be life on Earth."
"Viruses are encapsulated. Viruses do carry genetic material that they can use to produce future cells."
"I didn't realize how much of my own Hispanic and Mexican identity I was losing being in a town where I couldn't speak Spanish, I couldn't pick up the grocery store, like things at the grocery store I would normally grab."
"I'm struggling in this thing. It must mean that I can't do this thing. And that's not true."
"Hi, I failed physics. Will you still work with me?"
"I'm also so impressed at how you have time to spend on all these kids doing all this extra stuff on top of working in NASA JPL"
"I have five niblings, five nieces and nephews. Three of them are not yet in school. But the two older ones, one of them absolutely loves space, just had a space themed birthday party and loves math."
"If you have a more diverse team in regards to race, gender, all kinds of different things, you will have more innovative ideas."